Derivative Meaning

The derivative of a function can be thought of as:

(1) Infinitesimal: the ratio of the infinitesimal change in the value of a function to the infinitesimal change in a function.

(2) Symbolic: The derivative of
$Latex x^{n} = nx^{n-1} $
the derivative of sin(x) is cos(x),
the derivative of f°g is f'°g*g',
etc.

(3) Logical:
$Latex \boxed{\text{f'(x) = d}} $
$Latex \Updownarrow $
$latex \forall \varepsilon, \exists \delta, \text{ such that }$
$latex \boxed{
0 < |\Delta x| < \delta,
\implies
\Bigr|\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x} - d \Bigr| < \varepsilon
}$

(4) Geometric: the derivative is the slope of a line tangent to the graph of the function, if the graph has a tangent.

(5) Rate: the instantaneous speed of f(t), when t is time.

(6) Approximation: The derivative of a function is the best linear approximation to the function near a point.

(7) Microscopic: The derivative of a function is the limit of what you get by looking at it under a microscope of higher and higher power.

(8) The derivative of a real-valued function f in a domain D is the Lagrangian section of the cotangent bundle T*(D) that gives the connection form for the unique flat connection on the trivial R-bundle ßxR for which the graph of f is parallel.

[Source]: Extract from "On Proof and Progess in Mathematics" by William Thurston.