Riemann Hypothesis

Riemann intuitively found the Zeta Function ζ(s), but couldn't prove it. Computer 'tested' it correct up to billion numbers.

$latex zeta(s)=1+frac{1}{2^{s}}+frac{1}{3^{s}}+frac{1}{4^{s}}+dots$

Or equivalently (see note *)

$latex frac {1}{zeta(s)} =(1-frac{1}{2^{s}})(1-frac{1}{3^{s}})(1-frac{1}{5^{s}})(1-frac{1}{p^{s}})dots$

ζ(1) = Harmonic series (Pythagorean music notes) -> diverge to infinity
(See note #)

ζ(2) = Π²/6 [Euler]

ζ(3) = not Rational number.

1. The Riemann Hypothesis:
All non-trivial zeros of the zeta function have real part one-half.

ie ζ(s)= 0 where s= ½ + bi

Trivial zeroes are s= {- even Z}:
s(-2) = 0 =s(-4) =s(-6) =s(-8)...

You might ask why Re(s)=1/2 has to do with Prime number ?

There is another Prime Number Theorem (PNT) conjectured by Gauss and proved by Hadamard and Poussin:

π(Ν) ~ N / log N
ε = π(Ν) - N / log N
The error ε hides in the Riemann Zeta Function's non-trivial zeroes, which all lie on the Critical line = 1/2 :

All non-trivial zeroes of ζ(s) are in Complex number between ]0,1[ along real line x=1/2

2. David Hilbert:

'If I were to awaken after 500 yrs, my 1st question would be: Has Riemann been proven?'

It will be proven in future by a young man. 'uncorrupted' by today's math.

Note (*):

$latex zeta(s)=1+frac{1}{2^{s}}+frac{1}{3^{s}}+frac{1}{4^{s}}+dots = sum frac {1}{n^{s}}$ ...[1]

$latex frac {1}{2^{s}}zeta(s) =
frac{1}{2^{s}}(1+frac{1}{2^{s}}+frac{1}{3^{s}}+frac{1}{4^{s}}+dots) $

$latex frac {1}{2^{s}}zeta(s) =
frac {1}{2^{s}}+ frac{1}{4^{s}} + frac{1}{6^{s}} + frac{1}{8^s} +dots$ ... [2]


[1]-[2]:

$latex (1- frac{1}{2^{s}})zeta(s) = 1+ frac{1}{3^{s}} + frac{1}{5^{s}} + dots + frac{1}{p^{s}} +dots $

$latex text {Repeat with} (1-frac{1}{3^s}) text { both sides:} $

$latex (1- frac{1}{3^{s}})(1- frac{1}{2^{s}})zeta(s) = 1+ frac{1}{5^{s}} + frac{1}{7^{s}} + dots + frac{1}{p^{s}} +dots $


Finally,

$latex (1- frac{1}{p^{s}}) dots (1- frac{1}{5^{s}})(1- frac{1}{3^{s}})(1- frac{1}{2^{s}})zeta(s) = 1$

Or

$latex zeta(s) = prod frac {1}
{1- frac{1}{p^{s}}}= sum frac {1}{n^{s}}$

Note #:
$latex zeta(s) = prod frac {1}
{1- frac{1}{p^{s}}}= sum frac {1}{n^{s}}$

Let s=1
RHS: Harmonic series diverge to infinity
LHS:
$latex prod frac {1}{1- frac{1}{p}}= prod frac{p}{p-1}$
Diverge to infinity => there are infinitely many primes p




[caption id="" align="alignright" width="300"] English: Zero-free region for the Riemann_zeta_function (Photo credit: Wikipedia)[/caption]